Types of Syllabus
1 Grammatical: Is a list of grammatical structure, such as the present tense, comparison of adjective, relative clause, usually divided into sections graded according to difficulty and/or importance.
2 Lexical: A list of lexical items (girls, boy, go, away…) with associate collocation and idioms, usually divided into graded section. One such syllabus, based on a corpus (a computerized collocation of samples of authentic language) is described in Willis, 1990.
3 Grammatical-lexical: Is a very common kind of syllabus: both structure and lexis are specified together in the section correspond to the units of a course, or in two separate lists.
4 Situational: Is the syllabus that take the real life contexts of language uses as their basis: section would be headed by names of situations or locations such as “ Eating a meal” or “ In the Street”.
5 Topic-based: This is almost the same as Situational Syllabus, except that the heading are broadly topic-based, including thing like “ Food” or “ The family”; these usually indicate a fairly clear set of vocabulary items, which may be specified.
6 Notional: Notion are the concept that language can express. General Notion may include number, time, place, colour; specific notions look more like vocabulary items: man, woman, afternoon.
7 Functional-notion: are the things that you can do with the language, as distinct from notion you can express: example are identifying, denying, promising. Purely functional syllabus are rare: usually both functions and notions are combined.
8 Mixed or ‘Multi-strand’: increasingly, modern syllabus are combining different aspects in order to be maximally comprehensive and helpful to teachers and learners; in these you may find specification of topics, tasks, functions and notions, as well as grammar and vocabulary.
9 Procedural: Is the syllabus that focuses on task to be done rather than language itself or even in the meaning. Example of task can be: map reading, doing scientific experiment or story writing.
10 Process: Is the only syllabus which is not pre-set. The content of the course is negotiated with the learner at the beginning of the course and during it, and actually listed only retrospectivity.
Continue Reading
What is Syllabus?
Syllabus is the list of subject or description of content of the course. The actual components of the list may be either Content items (words, structure, topics), or Process ones (tasks, methods). Another characteristic of syllabus is that it is the public document. It is available for scrunity not only by the teacher who are expected to implement it, but also the consumer (the learner or their parent or employers)
Characteristic of Syllabus
1 Consists of a comprehensive list of:
- content items (word, structure, topics)
- process items (task, method)
2 Is ordered (easier, more essential items first)
3 Has explicit objectives (usually express in the introduction)
4 Is a public document that is available for examination
5 May indicate a time schedule (eg: how much time use need to spend on unit)
6 May indicate a preferred methodology or approach
7 May recommend materials (eg: required to use Whiteboard, Marker, Paper,..)
Continue Reading
To make good teaching more effective, teachers need to vary their teaching methods.
Way that teacher can use vary the teaching methods
- Teach the unit in a different order
- Use dialogue for listening before the students see the text
- Use taped dialogue after reading the printed text
- Listen to recorded text in tapes
- Prepared reading
- Dramatic reading
- Silent reading
- Teacher reading
- Teacher or student
- Teacher to student
- Student to student
eg: You can use games, pair work, group work, problem solving project work. Continue Reading
Teacher needs to make their students practice their lesson after he/she has finished teaching that lesson. Practice is very important for his/her students. Below are the method of letting their students to practice:
Way in which Teachers can help the student to practice
- Do not explain when you need to
- Do not repeat unnecessarily
- Do not answer for students, without waiting long enough
- Correcting too much and to quickly
- Do not talk about something which does not interest the students
- Do not talk unnecessarily about the process of the lesson.
Teachers are the most important person in the class to responsible for teaching students. It is very important that teachers should know about the result of what they did. They have to find out how their students understand their lesson by following the process bellow:
Some useful way the teacher can elicit knowledge from the students:
a. Start the new day's lesson by asking questions from the previous lesson
This will remind the students of what was done in the last lesson and set them in the mood for the day's lesson, so it should be introduced with question rather than teacher presentation.
b. After studying a text, ask definition question instead of explaining the word.
c. The teacher should always ask the students to contribute alternative language of their own - for example, another phrase which has the same functions, synonym or associated vocabulary items.
d. Students should be encouraged to provide some contents of a lesson.
Continue Reading
These are the keys that teachers need to concern in teaching
career to make their teaching more effective:
- Learning is more important that teaching
- Teach the students not the book
- Involve the students in the learning process
- Do not tell the students what they can tell you
- Show the reaction to what the students say
- Students need practice not you
- Do not emphasize the Difficulties
- Vary what you do and how you do it.
- Select
- Activities and relationships in the classroom Change
- Students need to Learn How to learn
- Useful and fun is better than either alone
Topic:
‘Currently there is a trend towards the use of alternative forms of medicine. However, at best these methods are ineffective, and at worst may be dangerous.’
To what extent do you agree with this statement?
Nowadays, in some countries, alternative medicine is very popular even though the modern technology is high. Some people prefer to use this method to cure sick people because they think that it is very effective way. In fact, this form of medicine is very dangerous to people life in some reasons.
One of the worst things is the lacking of materials. All materials that are used the process to cure people are usually very old and their function is very little. They use only a few things such as scissor or knife which are very old. These materials are not enough to make the process run smoothly. For example, if the patient has the serious accident and needs the blood to fill and oxygen to breath immediately, but this method of heal does not have these things. So, the patient must die.
Next, patients are easily infected by virus when they are cured with this method. The old materials, which are not well clean, contains lots of virus that can infect to sicker while the process of treat. And this is the way that makes the ill people’s health become worst and worst. In addition, it is the way that makes that people have other new diseases that are different from their present illness.
Finally, the patient takes very high risk. The person who heal people in this method does not have good skill relates to conventional medicine. They have very little knowledge to the field to treat people. They do not know how to do the operation or stop blood flowing for injures. What they can do is just the very simple ways and very slow. Sometime sick people could die because of this lateness.
Continue Reading
Topic:
‘Some people argue that drugs should be legalised.’
To what extent do you agree with this statement?
I completely disagree with the idea that drugs should be allowed to use legally in the society. Drugs provide countless disadvantages to all people that use it. Not only a person that takes it gets affects, but also other people do. If these terrible medicines are not banned, people can use it everywhere every time and worrying nothing. As we know, drugs make people addicted, and when people use it, they cannot control themselves both emotions and behaviors. They can do everything anti-social end. So, why do we need to let these things to be legal?
A little number of people thinks that the government should let drugs is sold officially for all people to use. I do not think that this argument is valid because those people know nothing about the bad effect of using these medical substances. Some of them are already get addicted to drugs, and they do not have any considerations anymore. They want to use it more, but it is not permitted to sell. So, they want themselves to be free to buy these illegal medicines.
In fact, in the real society almost all people do not want to abuse these bad things because they know that drugs are addictive medicines that make abusers addicted and behaving attack to human society. The students that take this medicine make their study not good, and fail the test very often and finally drop out of school. Beside this, other users need to take it regularly. If they do not have it, they would feel very hard that is very difficult to be patient unless they get this harmful drug. To get it, people have to buy, and if they do not have money, they are easily to commit crimes for these dangerous medicines. People have to live in secured all times. And the whole society must be in unstable.
In conclusion, I would say that it is very important to keep drugs to be unauthorized because they have great drawbacks that make many undesirable things to human. And I strongly believe that our society would be in safe when there are no drugs. (356 Words)
Back the wrong horse: means that you support to the side
that is going to lose in something.
eg: When people support other group or people that is wrong and lose in argument or doing something, it means that they back on the wrong horse.
Continue Reading
A bit much: excessive or annoying in doing something
A bit much is the idiom that is commonly used in people
everyday life to express the excessive of something.
eg: When you are doing something more than you can do, you can say it is a bit much.
Continue Reading
Blow :(v) To make air, wind, gas moving
Past Simple: Blew
eg: Mary blew the candle in her birthday yesterday.
Past Participle: Blown
eg: This is the fifth time that I have blown the candle
Third Person Singular: Blows
eg: Mary blows the candle in her birthday.
Present Participle / Gerund: Blowing
eg: The wind is blowing cruelly.
Continue Reading
Begin: (v) to start doing something, to process doing something.
Past Simple: Began
eg: In 1993 I began to study English.
Past Participle: Begun
eg: He has begun doing his homework for 5days.
Third Person Singular: Begins
eg: The water begins to rise up today.
Present Participle / Gerund: Begining
eg: The train is beginning to leave here in the next 10mins.
Continue Reading
An Adjective modifies a Noun.
It is used to describes the quality, state or action that a noun refers to.
RULES of ADJECTIVES:
i) Adjectives stand before Noun.
eg: A new book
ii) Adjectives come after Verb such as be, become, seem, look, etc.
eg: He looks handsome
iii) It can be modified by adverb.
eg: A very beautiful girl
iv) They can be used as complements to a noun.
eg: The extras make your motor expensive
Continue Reading
Ache for : Want something a lot, want someone a lot
eg: I lost my favorite pen; I am aching for it.
Continue Reading
Account for : To explain
eg: Mary had to ACCOUNT FOR all mistakes that she had done. Continue Reading
Arise: (v) to come into existence
Past Simple: Arose
eg: Yesterday, I saw the sun arose from the east.
Past Participle: Arisen
eg: The sun have arisen clearly by the time I get up.
Third Person Singular: Arises
eg: The sun arises in the east
Present Participle / Gerund: Arising
eg: Arising brightly, the sun shine like smiling people.
Continue Reading
Abide : (v) to be patient with other people, to continue
eg: I cannot abide with this weather.
Past Simple: Abode/Abided
eg: I abode with this weather and now I have problem with my skin.
Past Participle: Abode/Abided/Abidden
eg: I have abode with this weather and now I have problem with my skin
Third Person Singular: Abides
eg: She abides with her cruel husband.
Present Participle / Gerund: Abiding
eg: Abiding with cruel husband, she feels very upset.
Continue Reading
